.21"In his place a despicable person will arise, on whom the honor of kingship has not been conferred, but he will come in a time of tranquility and seize the kingdom by intrigue

22"The overflowing forces will be flooded away before him and shattered, and also the prince of the covenant.23"After an alliance is made with him he will practice deception, and he will go up and gain power with a small force of people.24"In a time of tranquility he will enter the richest parts of the realm, and he will accomplish what his fathers never did, nor his ancestors; he will distribute plunder, booty and possessions among them, and he will devise his schemes against strongholds, but only for a time.

25"He will stir up his strength and courage against the king of the South with a large army; so the king of the South will mobilize an extremely large and mighty army for war; but he will not stand, for schemes will be devised against him.26"Those who eat his choice food will destroy him, and his army will overflow, but many will fall down slain.27"As for both kings, their hearts will be intent on evil, and they will speak lies to each other at the same table; but it will not succeed, for the end is still to come at the appointed time.

28"Then he will return to his land with much plunder; but his heart will be set against the holy covenant, and he will take action and then return to his own land.

29"At the appointed time he will return and come into the South, but this last time it will not turn out the way it did before.30"For ships of Kittim will come against him; therefore he will be disheartened and will return and become enraged at the holy covenant and take action; so he will come back and show regard for those who forsake the holy covenant

Kittim (or Chittim) in the genealogy of Genesis 10 in the Hebrew Bible, is the son of Javan, the grandson of Japheth, and Noah's great-grandson.

The city of Larnaca, (Greek: Λάρνακα, Turkish: Larnaka) on the west coast of Cyprus, was known in ancient times as Kition, or (in Latin) Citium. On this basis, Flavius Josephus (c. 100 AD) identified the Kittim with Cyprus, however the name seems to have been employed with some flexibility in Hebrew literature, and was sometimes used to apply to the Romans, Macedonians or Assyrians. Some authors have speculated that it comes from an Akkadian word meaning "invaders". Others (following Max Muller) have identified Kittim with the land of Hatti (Khatti), as the Hittite Empire was known.

According to The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, the name Kittim "is extended to include the West in general, but especially the seafaring West."

The 'New International Version' Bible renders the expression "ships of Kittim" (appearing in the Book of Daniel 11) as "ships of the western coastlands."

In the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness from the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Kittim are referred to as being "of Asshur".

The mediaeval rabbinic compilation Yosippon contains a detailed account of the Kittim. As the peoples spread out, it says, the Kittim camped in Campania and built a city called "Posomanga", while descendants of Tubal camped in neighboring Tuscany and built "Sabino", with the Tiber river as their frontier. However, they soon went to war following the rape of the Sabines by the Kittim. This war was ended when the Kittim showed the descendants of Tubal their mutual progeny. They then built cities called Porto, Albano, and Aresah. Later, their territory is occupied by Agnias, King of Carthage, but the Kittim end up appointing Zepho, son of Eliphaz and grandson of Esau, as their king, with the title Janus Saturnus. The first king of Rome, Romulus, is made in this account to be a distant successor of this line. A shorter, more garbled version of this story is also found in the later Sefer haYashar

Essenes

The Essene community believed that the Kittim (or Kitti'im) referred to the Roman Empire. Many writings have been discovered throughout the Dead Sea Scrolls refering to the Kitti'im with commentaries on the Law.

so he will come back and show regard for those who forsake the holy covenant. .31"Forces from him will arise, desecrate the sanctuary fortress, and do away with the regular sacrifice And they will set up the abomination of desolation.

32"By smooth words he will turn to godlessness those who act wickedly toward the covenant, but the people who know their God will display strength and take action 33"Those who have insight among the people will give understanding to the many; yet they will fall by sword and by flame, by captivity and by plunder for many days.34"Now when they fall they will be granted a little help, and many will join with them in hypocrisy. 35"Some of those who have insight will fall, in order to refine, purge and make them pure until the end time; because it is still to come at the appointed time

.36"Then the king will do as he pleases, and he will exalt and magnify himself above every god and will speak monstrous things against the God of gods; and he will prosper until the indignation is finished, for that which is decreed will be done.37"He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers or for the desire of women, nor will he show regard for any other god; for he will magnify himself above them all.38"But instead he will honor a god of fortresses, a god whom his fathers did not know; he will honor him with gold, silver, costly stones and treasures.39"He will take action against the strongest of fortresses with the help of a foreign god; he will give great honor to those who acknowledge him and will cause them to rule over the many, and will parcel out land for a price.

40"At the end time the king of the South will collide with him, and the king of the North will storm against him with chariots, with horsemen and with many ships; and he will enter countries, overflow them and pass through

41"He will also enter the Beautiful Land, and many countries will fall; but these will be rescued out of his hand: Edom, Moab and the foremost of the sons of Ammon.42"Then he will stretch out his hand against other countries, and the land of Egypt will not escape.43"But he will gain control over the hidden treasures of gold and silver and over all the precious things of Egypt; and Libyans and Ethiopians will follow at his heels.44"But rumors from the East and from the North will disturb him, and he will go forth with great wrath to destroy and annihilate many.45"He will pitch the tents of his royal pavilion between the seas and the beautiful Holy Mountain; yet he will come to his end, and no one will help him.